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Characteristics and importance of rill and gully erosion: a case study in a small catchment of a marginal olive grove

机译：细沟和沟壑侵蚀的特征和重要性：边缘橄榄树林中一个小流域的案例研究

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Measurements of gullies and rills were carried out in an olive orchard microcatchment of 6.1 ha over a 4-year period (2010-2013). No tillage management allowing the development of a spontaneous grass cover was implemented in the study period. Rainfall, runoff and sediment load were measured at the catchment outlet. The objectives of this study were: 1) to quantify erosion by concentrated flow in the catchment by analysis of the geometric and geomorphologic changes of the gullies and rills between July 2010 and July 2013; 2) to evaluate the relative percentage of erosion derived from concentrated runoff to total sediment yield; 3) to explain the dynamics of gully and rill formation based on the hydrological patterns observed during the study period; and 4) to improve the management strategies in the olive grove. Control sections in gullies were established in order to get periodic measurements of width, depth and shape in each campaign. This allowed volume changes in the concentrated flow network to be evaluated over 3 periods (period 1 = 2010-2011; period 2 = 2011-2012; and period 3 = 2012-2013). The cumulative precipitation values were 610 mm, 219 mm and 406 mm for period 1, 2 and 3, respectively, whereas the sediment ratios of rill erosion to total sediment yield were 44% and 118%, respectively, with a negative value (as a result of the volume reduction of rills and gullies) in period 3 when the total load was equal to 0.4 t ha-1. The increased development of the gully network was associated to intense events with a return period of the maximum intensity in 30 minutes greater than 2 years. A high dependency on the sequence of events according to their intensity values could explain the sedimentary budget in the catchment. Most of the events generating runoff in the catchment could contribute to interrill and rill erosion, but only very intense events would allow the runoff to transport sediment to the outlet. In addition to the grass cover, control measures in the gullies would substantially improve the sustainability of the farm. These gullies are important sediment sources, particularly in autumn when there is no vegetation cover and intense rainfall events occur.
机译：在四年（2010年至2013年）的橄榄园微流域面积6.1公顷中，对沟壑和小溪进行了测量。在研究期间，没有实施允许自发草皮生长的耕作管理。在集水口测量降雨，径流和泥沙负荷。这项研究的目的是：1）通过分析2010年7月至2013年7月之间沟壑和小溪的几何和地貌变化来量化集水区中的集中流动的侵蚀； 2）评估由集中径流引起的侵蚀相对于总沉积物产量的相对百分比； 3）根据研究期间观察到的水文模式，解释沟壑和小溪形成的动态； 4）改善橄榄林的管理策略。建立了沟渠中的控制部分，以便定期测量每个战役中的宽度，深度和形状。这使得可以在3个时段（时段1 = 2010-2011；时段2 = 2011-2012；时段3 = 2012-2013）中评估集中流量网络中的流量变化。在第1、2和3期，累积降水量分别为610 mm，219 mm和406 mm，而小溪侵蚀的沉积物占总沉积物的比率分别为44％和118％，负值（如总负荷等于0.4 t ha-1时，在第3阶段减少了小溪和沟壑的体积）。沟渠网络发展的增加与剧烈事件有关，在大于2年的30分钟内，最大强度的返回期。根据事件强度值对事件序列的高度依赖性可以解释流域的沉积预算。在集水区产生径流的大多数事件都可能导致河道间和河道的侵蚀，但只有非常激烈的事件才会使径流将沉积物运送到出口。除了草皮，沟渠中的控制措施还将大大改善农场的可持续性。这些沟壑是重要的沉积物来源，尤其是在没有植被覆盖且发生强烈降雨事件的秋季。

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